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The soul of an INFJ in the mind of an INTJ

18K views 16 replies 10 participants last post by  JungyesMBTIno  
#1 · (Edited)
Hi Everyone,

I'm new to this forum, and relatively new to personality typing. I'm trying to figure out my type, and especially concerned about whether I am an F or a T. Help and advice would be greatly appreciated. I suspect you will find me a particularly unusual and challenging case. I will explain why after completing the questionnaire.

1) What aspect of your personality made you unsure of your type?

When taking on-line tests the results are generally INTJ or INFJ. I can mostly relate to the I, N and J parts; but, when tying to place myself in the T/F axis I am confused. I see very extreme but inconsistent T and F tendencies at different times in my life, and in different areas of my life.

I have the logical analytical ability and academic success typical of an INTJ (VERY VERY much so!); rather than the insights into people typical of the INFJ (though my skills there are improving). I often get intuitions about people, but for most of my life I have told myself that my insights are worthless, and brushed them aside or ignored them. I have often distrusted my instincts about people, and often find people very confusing.

I have the typical weaknesses of an INFJ rather than an INTJ. Also aspects of my character seem more like those of an INFJ than an INTJ.

2) What do you yearn for in life? Why?

A lot of the time I feel very isolated and alone, and yearn to have closer and more intimate friendships and romantic relationships. This is an extremely strong drive in response to an extremely deep pain.
I also also have a strong desire to help others and make the world a better place. During periods of my life when I don't feel isolated and alone, my desire to help others becomes extremely strong, and pretty much takes over my life, and becomes the reason for my existence. Having said that, when I am in pain I become narcissistic, and focus a lot on trying to solve my own problems.

3) Think about a time where you felt like you were at your finest. Tell us what made you feel that way.

When I was with my ex-fiancée. I was emotionally happy and content due to my relationship with her. I became an extremely giving caring person who put the needs of others before my own. I loved that side of myself. There were moments when I felt totally overwhelmed by my desire to help those in need, and I gave myself totally to those feelings.

I could also have written about academic achievements here, times when I pushed myself incredibly hard and got good grades (first class honors in a physics degree!); but actually, I don't value my academic ability nearly as much as I value helping others.

4) What makes you feel inferior?

I worry a great deal about my ability to form close friendships and healthy romantic relationships. I find it hard to be open with others, and for a lot of my life I have been very insecure about my interpersonal skills, though this is improving very rapidly.

5) What tends to weigh on your decisions? (Do you think about people, pro-cons, how you feel about it, etc.)

It's hard to answer this question. What sort of decisions?
I think things through a lot and carefully, especially if the stakes are high. I think about the pros and cons and all of the different options, and the various possible consequences. I also take my feelings into account, or I carry on thinking things through, until my logically preferred option and my feelings/instincts are in agreement).

6) When working on a project what is normally your emphasis? Do you like to have control of the outcome?

Sometimes I throw myself at things and put an incredible amount of energy into sorting them out. I get into the details of a problem a lot, (and sometimes get side tracked), but I also have a good understanding of the "big picture" (without always focusing on it very much). I like to have some input into the direction and path of the project, though this isn't essential if I respect the expertise of the person giving me instructions. I get very frustrated if told to follow instructions that do not make sense or aren't a good idea.

7) Describe us a time where you had a lot of fun. How is your memory of it?

This will sound sad, but I don't really value fun that much. I prefer to be getting on with things, solving problems, and sorting stuff out. That's not because I particularly enjoy work or solving problems, but it is satisfying.

8) When you want to learn something new, what feels more natural for you? (Are you more prone to be hands on, to theorize, to memorize, etc)

I tend to have a very good grasp of abstract concepts and ideas. I'm a scientist, my work is very theoretical and related to quantum physics.

Having said that, when learning to do something new, I need to try it out myself. If someone sits down and teaches me how to use a new piece of software I won't take the information in. If they sit down with me while I try to do it myself, and let me ask them how things work then I'll pick it up quickly.

9) How organized do you to think of yourself as?

I am very untidy, and my home is very cluttered. When I was younger I was very bad at remembering appointments, but I learned to carefully keep everything in a diary and this allows me to keep track of things.
At home I like to come up with systems of where everything belongs to keep the place tidy, but in practice I never pick up after myself, and there is clutter all over my desk, floor, and pretty much every flat surface.
On my bookshelf I put all of my books in order of size. (They are sorted primarily by height, books of equal height are sorted by width, books of equal height and width are sorted by thickness.)

10) How do you judge new ideas? You try to understand the principles behind it to see if they make sense or do you look for information that supports it?

Both of these. I'm very logical. I'm perhaps more naturally inclined to understand things on the basis of how they fit in with the theory; but also, as a scientist, I feel that the agreement with the observed evidence is the bottom line when evaluating any theory.

11) You find harmony by making sure everyone is doing fine and belonging to a given group or by making sure that you follow what you believe and being yourself?

This is hard to answer because I can relate to both. Being true to myself is very important to me; but I also very much want to smooth over disagreements, so I often bite my tongue when I disagree with someone.

12) Are you the kind that thinks before speaking or do you speak before thinking? Do you prefer one-on-one communication or group discussions?

I always think before speaking. I strongly prefer one-on-one communication.

13) Do you jump into action right away or do you like to know where are you jumping before leaping? Does action speaks more than words?

I always think carefully beforehand. Yes, I believe that actions speak louder than works; unfortunately people can be very insincere.

14) It's Saturday. You're at home, and your favorite show is about to start. Your friends call you for a night out. What will you do?

I will want to watch the show (actually I'm more likely to be doing something on the computer than watch TV, but that probably isn't the point is it?).

15) How do you act when you're stressed out?

I become irritable, stressed, indecisive, and much less productive. I start to dither.

16) What makes you dislike the personalities of some people?

I find it very hard to trust people. I can be very sensitive and often feel hurt by people. I'm very sensitive to criticism (not so much academically, but I take socially/personally criticism very personally). I hate it when people don't communicate with me clearly, because they I often find them confusing. I hate it that so many people are so selfish (billions of dollars get spent on wine, chocolate and luxuries, while thousands of children die in squalor - how can people care so little?). I get very irritated by people who are shallow, manipulative, or who mess up society by promoting bonkers religious/political views.

17) Is there anything you really like talking about with other people?

I like it when people come to me to talk about their problems, or when I can talk to them about mine. Neither of these happens particularly often. I like talking about myself, and what makes me tick, though I don't often feel comfortable disclosing much of that information to people.

18) What kind of things do pay the least attention to in your life

This is hard to answer. I pay a lot of attention to my career, my finances, my social life, my emotional well-being, my physical health and fitness. I don't think there is any part of my life that I neglect. I'm pretty pro-active in all areas.

19) How do your friends perceive you? What is wrong about their perception? ? What would your friends never say about your personality ?

People in different areas of my life probably perceive me very differently.
People who meet me at work or at uni probably see me as very quiet, reserved and not very social. That's partly because I prefer to socialize with other people; also partly because the noise levels in the office make it hard for me to hear them and take part in conversations in the office.
People who meet me at parties or social events probably see me as very loud, extroverted, funny, charismatic, and confident. That's partly an act that I put on in those environments. I'm a very quiet person underneath that. Putting on an extroverted persona is emotionally exhausting, but I am very good at it.
My ex-fiancée used to say that I am incredibly caring, and that I understood her better than she understood herself; she was right about both, but I don't think many other people would say that about me.
My mum thinks that I am very wise and have great insights into life and very high emotional intelligence; I like to think that she's right.
My dad thinks that I'm a semi-autistic intellectual with a vast logical intelligence, but no people skills. I'm a male-to-female transsexual and he has a vested interest in seeing me according to male sterio-types; having said that, for much of my life I also saw myself as a very logical intellectual with no people skills, and this is a source of much insecurity.
Over the course of my life some of my friends have felt sorry for me because they have seen how isolated I tend to be. They have probably seen me as very introverted and/or anti-social; they've probably been right a lot of the time.

20) You got a whole day to do whatever you like. What kind of activities do you feel like doing?

Researching random stuff on the Internet (currently on an obsessive quest to understand people and human psychology, which is why I'm here)
If you had asked me a year ago, I would have answered differently. I was very keen on researching and writing about religion back then. I see religion as a very destructive force in the world, and I wanted to make the world a better place by writing a website which challenges some of the more destructive and illogical aspects of religions thinking.
If you had asked me several years ago, I would have said computer games. Or trying to understand science.


So that's the questionnaire done, and you probably noticed that I have some fairly blatant INTJ traits combined with some fairly blatant INFJ traits.

I guess there are four possible explanations for why I seem to inconsistent.
1) Perhaps I am in INFJ who just happens to be very good at science and not so great with people. I have a good friend who believes she is an INFJ, and also says she has Aspergers syndrome. Is it even possible for the two to go together? Could I be similar?
2) Perhaps I am an INTJ who has be come very miserable because of social difficulties, and thus ended up valuing and developing my F side far more than is normal for an INTJ. Or perhaps I'm just and INFJ wanna-be.
3) Perhaps I'm an INFJ, but my lack of understanding of people arose, because I was taught to believe that I would not be any good at that. I was encouraged to think of myself as the socially inept academic type person, and this belief may have prevented me from developing my people skills as an INFJ normally would. Perhaps I'm not even as bad at understanding people as I've always thought!
4) I wonder if my Myers-Briggs personality type may have changed quite dramatically over the course of my life. I suspect that if I had been tested in childhood I would have been on the INTJ/INFJ borderline, with a balance of the two traits. During my teenage years and early twenties I became very focused on maths, science logic, and came to value logic far more than feelings. I would probably have consistently typed as INTJ during that period. I became much much more feelings orientated over my mid twenties.

If anyone can let me know my type, and why I seem to have an odd combination of traits. Is it one of the above four explanations, or something else entirely. I would be very grateful for advice.

There is a bit more information that you may find interesting. As I mentioned, I am a male-to-female transsexual. My transition started in my early twenties and I begun taking large doses of oestrogen hrt. I still had the skills of an INTJ, but my values and character tenancies seem to have changed from INTJ to INFJ since then. I think my understanding of people has improved an enormous over that period as-well, and I am gaining more understanding at breathtaking speed. Could the oestrogen have re-wired my brain?

For many years I was at war with myself. I tried to force myself to become more masculine, because I thought that was necessary to fit in; then I realized that was impossible, and came to love my femininity. I also spent many years trying to force myself to be more logical and despising the emotional / social side of my nature. I didn't realize it at the time, but maybe something flipped in that battle too; I went from T to F, and started to love the F side of my nature. Have I ended up as an INFJ soul inside an INTJ mind – lol. Though I guess that if I learn to trust my instincts about people and gain more understanding of my new personality the transformation to be complete. I've certainly come to understand far better as I've been reading about the characteristics of the INFJ type.

Thank you for reading, please let me know what you make of that. In particular, I really want to know whether I am:
- an INFJ with poor people skills who happens to be very good at science?
- an INFJ wanna-be who is actually an INTJ?
- borderline between INTJ and INFJ?
- a strange hybrid of the two?
- or perhaps something else entirely?

Thank you very much for your time and advice, and sorry for such a long and rambling post.
 
#2 ·
Very reminiscent of Fe. I'm going to say INFJ.

Interestingly, a friend of mine who I thought was INFJ tested as INTJ and she was unhappy with the results. I guess she wanted to be seen more as a caring individual that gave a shit (she did not) than the evil scientists archetype, heh.
 
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#15 ·
The evil scientist has a heart




I would have said this mix between an INFJ and INTJ would be a nice experiment but since I am the living archetype of that combination, it is not just logically possible but objectively plausible.

The Ni's that are differing have been mastered to an art throughout the years - mostly due to childhood, life experiences, career choices and lifestyle? All of those and more enhance both ends of the personality chart.

I do have to say, I've been called unflattering names like Jekyll and Hyde, so if I had a choice, I would pick one just one but then I would have to give up my other descriptor Hybrid which I quite dig.
 
#3 ·
Tough case. Hard to tell. Something tells me you are a feeling type masquerading as a thinking type. (That's not to say feeling types don't have robust intelligence, quite the contrary, its just that your writing is more humanistic than conceptual).

Reading this I kinda jumped around a bit. I really don't think INTJ quite fits. But I'm not sure about INFJ either. Definitely I think you are a Fe/Ti type though so INFJ is a definite possibility.

It's just really hard to say because you have such a seemingly forced ambivalence toward feeling (in other words I get the sense that feeling is really your comfort zone, but for whatever reason you're not comfortable with that in its entirety, so in the post it comes off sorta like Inferior Fe like an INTP or more likely ISTP -- but I didn't get much Se out of your post so I'm kind of stuck).

I think if you were really a Ti-dom, which is sort of how you come across, you would own thinking a little more. But I'm not sold on you as a thinking type personally so I think INFJ might in fact be the best fit. With INFJ Introverted Thinking is the tertiary function, so as a backup to dominant intuition it might be very strong (many INFJ's think they are INTPs based on temperament descriptions). Either way I don't get much sense of Fi from you at all, so I personally rule out INTJ.
 
#4 ·
Having said that, when I am in pain I become narcissistic, and focus a lot on trying to solve my own problems.
Could this perhaps be a tert./inferior Ti reaction? I'm thinking INFJ as well, since you don't seem to think that you're an extrovert (as an INTJ, I don't get this from you at all - your F is very Fe, which is far from a hallmark of INTJs, haha).
 
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#6 ·
I think you're an INFJ who's just been told to hide your emotions your entire life. When you talked about being with your ex-fiancee, you said you felt so happy, and you wanted to help the world. And then that you value that more than your academic success. Keep in mind that with Carl Jung's theory on cognitive functions, everyone is both F and T, just in different ways. INFJ's have Introverted Thinking, meaning that they analyze and categorize, but their Extraverted Feeling is stronger, which means that they hang their emotions on interactions with others. INTJ's have Extraverted Thinking, meaning they organize their external world. This does not mean that they are organized. It just means that they ... how to say it ... organize their ideas externally. INTJ's also have Introverted Feeling, which means they filter information through personal values and ethics.
 
#7 ·
This does not mean that they are organized. It just means that they ... how to say it ... organize their ideas externally.
Quoted for truth! ENTJs would be like this also, although their organization is more often more conspicuous in the outer world, since they are extroverts. Te is an extremely difficult process to describe, since it is projected onto the outer world - an extension of the mind, so to speak. There are waaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaayyyyyyyyyyyyyy too many misconceptions about it being = to rigid structuring of the outer world in a physical way which is very often not the case at all (after all, it is a cognitive function, which means that it ultimately stems from thinking, not doing without thinking (yeah, like that's even possible, lol). The easiest way to understand it is that fundamentally, the nature of it is different from Ti. Over-analyzing the cognitive function processes usually results in getting farther from understanding the truth about them, since those who do not have the cognitive functions consciously cannot ever truly imagine what it would be like to have them. Nothing that can be imagined ever stems from the unimaginable!
 
#8 ·
I like to think that the structuring of the outer world associated with it is only a mere side-effect of its existence. Even the extroverted functions are deeper and more complex than they appear. There are just limits to their ability to be effectively communicated, due to the fact that they aren't directly experienced within our inner world.
 
#10 ·
Wow, thank you everyone. There was some really interesting stuff there that has helped to clarify my understanding a lot. I'm still processing it though, and still a little confused on a few points.

Ok, I think you guys are VERY right about my feelings being extroverted. Sometimes I am very out of touch with my feelings (especially negative feelings); yet I can be totally neurotic about other people's feelings and my relationships with them. I once spent weeks worrying that my flatmate was angry with me about something. I still don't know whether or not he was actually angry with me (he probably was but he never said so) regardless of whether I was right, my anxiety about it is probably a good illustration of both my extroverted F, and my general INFJ tendencies. I think I understand now why so many of you are ruling out INTJ.

I need to think and read a bit more before I fully understand the difference between Ti and Te, but my current gut reaction is that I have Ti rather than Te. I mentioned being a bit out of touch with my own feelings sometimes, yet on the other hand, I have a very acute understanding of my own thoughts. I know exactly what what I think and why, I know exactly what is motivating me and why I behave as I do. I used to spend hours analyzing my own mind.

Whist I sometimes have great concern for the feelings of others (especially if I might have hurt those feelings) I can have a remarkable blind spot when it comes to working out what other people are thinking and what is motivating them. Is this also manifestation of Ti? If I had Te would that be more useful for understanding the thoughts of others, and less inclined to focus on my own mind?

When it comes to understanding science how would Te and Ti manifest differently? The difference seems subtle, and I am too tired to get my head around that right now - I'll think about this more later.

It makes sense to me that an INFJ could succeed in science in much the same way as an INTJ can; but I'm still not totally sold on the idea that I'm an INFJ.
- I have a strong preference for trusting logic over feelings
- INFJs are stunningly insightful into people; I SO wish I could be like that, but I'm generally paranoid that I'm clumsy and socially inept. I'm probably not as bad as I think I am, I'm not that good either. Ironically though, my concern for my people skills could be yet another manifestation of Fe.

I've been reading up on the psychology of the INTP personality, and there is some very interesting stuff there. That type also have Ti/Fe, and I can relate very much to some of the descriptions, particularly the effects of strong Ti. When I think about my sensing function and my intuition, I think they might both be introverted (is that possible?). My sensing function seems very VERY weak (earlier this week I accidentally walked out in front of a moving car because I wasn't paying attention to the road!)

One thing that really struck me when I was reading about the INFP type was that the dominant Ti can suppress the inferior Fe; I remember a phase as a teenager when I was consciously trying to force myself to be more logical. I regarded logic as reliable and trust worthy and despised my emotional judgments and social interactions (that wasn't very INFJ of me!). Back then I tried to force myself to think and be a certain way; often the oppressed part of my nature would bounce back stronger as a result. My F function was very very weak back then, but became much stronger with time. Could I some how have changed from an INTP to an INFJ? Is it possible to move from one category to another?

Alternatively, is it possible that an INFJ could also fall into that dynamic of suppressing their F function in favor of T? That would explain why I didn't develop the usual people skills of an INFJ, but it seems a little hard to imagine the auxiliary function being suppressed by the tertiary!

I guess the last thing to mention is my intuition. I read that it s important for INTPs to work on their intuition in order to be successful; this is something I've never needed to do. I think intuition has always been an important part of my psyche with out any need to develop it. Also, I think I have an introverted intuition rather than extroverted; idea's pop into my mind and connections are made without any need to talk to others (I do talk things through with others, but that's to cement my understanding of stuff, or to test an idea - not to generate understanding in the first place). I guess this is more evidence that I'm an IN_J. I can be very intuitive about maths and science; I have moment's where I just instinctively know how principles fit together. You could almost say that I occasionally "feel" a solutions that I do not consciously understand (I'm not always right though when I trust those gut instincts though). The result of that is that I'm relatively comfortable even when I am confused by something. If my understanding is correct, this also an IN_J trait rather than an INTP trait.

I've very clever, but even so, my success has been more due to determination and hard work than inspired genius and natural curiosity. (I'd love to time figuring out science for the love of it, but I'm too busy working on the specific tasks that I have to solve!) I guess the determination and decipline is more evidence for INFJ; I think I read that INTP are less ambitions, and more motivated by the love of thinking.

Finally, is it possible that I could develop the spooky insights into people that an INFJ should have? I would LOVE to be that kind of person, but I'm not sure I know how.
 
#11 ·
If you were stressed while you were suppressing your more emotional nature that may have come across as Ni Ti Fe Se. (Which you may have confused as Ni Te Fi Se, which is the cognitive order for INTJ). Where you skipped over Fe in favor of Ti to appear more masculine to fit in. Ironically trying to alter people's perceptions of you to appeal to their preconceived notions is a rather Fe thing.

A type using Fi and Te would probably go about changing the preconceived notions so as not to be "living a lie". Actually I know they would as my ENFP partner is going through these issues right at the moment.

INFJ is my final verdict. Spooky insights be damned. Honestly it just sounds like they cultivate that impression so people will unload on them and they can get their meddling on. I mean, they seem like they know already, what's the harm, right?:laughing:
 
#12 ·
As an INFJ, I can tell you that I usually trust logic over my own feelings. And not all INFJ's are good with people. One of my friends is also INFJ, and there are times when I want to smack her for saying something insensitive. It is possible to develop the "spooky insights", if you follow one theory of the functions. The theory states that you develop your secondary function as you grow, and since people never stop changing, what's to say you can make it grow after childhood?
 
#13 ·
You are INFJ. Very sure of this. Instead of focusing on the dichotomies look up the cognitive functions if you can. You hinted at having powerful premonitions that you were conditioned (either by society or by your penchant for valuing 'analytical' thinking over intuition) to ignore. You bemoan the selfishness of others and long for intimacy with others (referencing your mention of your ex-fiancee) which smacks of Fe-auxiliary function.
 
#14 ·
I tried the cognitive function test at keys2cognition.com and it is putting me exactly on the borderline between INTJ and INFJ:

Cognitive Process Level of Development (Preference, Skill and Frequency of Use)
extraverted Sensing (Se) ****************** (18.4) limited use
introverted Sensing (Si) **************** (16.2) limited use
extraverted Intuiting (Ne) ***************** (17.1) limited use
introverted Intuiting (Ni) ************************************** (38.5) excellent use
extraverted Thinking (Te) **************************************** (40.4) excellent use
introverted Thinking (Ti) **************************************** (40.4) excellent use
extraverted Feeling (Fe) ********************************** (34.3) good use
introverted Feeling (Fi) ********************************** (34.1) good use

I suspect that my scientific work and study has caused my T and especially Te abilities to be developed quite strongly, whilst social difficulties and isolation caused my Fe function develop more slowly that is usual for an INFJ (Fe is catching up now). I'm now pretty sure that my underlying personality type is INFJ, but with a lot of cognitive development more typical of an INTJ. Or perhaps I'm just borderline between the two.

I found some of the questions very difficult; e.g.:
How often do you:-

13. Remain in touch with what you want for yourself, what motivates you, and what is good.
(I do indeed, very much so; but the thing that motivates me and is good for me is harmony in my relationships (Fe), I suspect the test is interpreting the answer as indicative of Fi)

19. Freely enjoy doing what you want for your own personal happiness.
(Yes very much so; but my own personal happiness is closely tied to my Fe, whist I suspect the test assumes it is indicative of Fi only)

"41. Merge and feel intimate oneness with other people."
(This is the really ironic one, because this is exactly how I felt when I was at my best during my relationship with my ex-fiancée; but the test asks about what I actually experience generally, rather than on the rare occasions when things are going well emotionally. In practice, my social difficulties, and difficulties in trusting others prevent me from feeling that way. If the test had asked about how imagined ideal relationships, and interactions I could have answered very differently, and that would probably have allocated points to me Fe more appropriately.)

I guess the test had no chance of accurately distinguishing between all of the different factors that influence my answers. But I think I pretty much understand it all now. I'm an INFJ, not too far from the F/T borderline, and with above average development of my T functions due to the skills I have practiced and learned during my life.

Thank you again to everyone for helping me understand all this.
 
#16 ·
I certainly see a lot of Fe here--so much so that I'm going to suggest that it might even be your dominant function, even though you indicated that you see yourself as an introvert. There's certainly a Fe-Ti push-pull that I get from your posts.

I need to think and read a bit more before I fully understand the difference between Ti and Te, but my current gut reaction is that I have Ti rather than Te. I mentioned being a bit out of touch with my own feelings sometimes, yet on the other hand, I have a very acute understanding of my own thoughts. I know exactly what what I think and why, I know exactly what is motivating me and why I behave as I do. I used to spend hours analyzing my own mind.
What state of mind are you in when you experience these thought? Part of this seems like Ti use.

Whist I sometimes have great concern for the feelings of others (especially if I might have hurt those feelings) I can have a remarkable blind spot when it comes to working out what other people are thinking and what is motivating them. Is this also manifestation of Ti? If I had Te would that be more useful for understanding the thoughts of others, and less inclined to focus on my own mind?
Yes to the first question. Personally as a Ti dom I'm horribly naive when it comes to the motives of others. As to the second, actually I think that would make you even less so. I'm honestly not getting Te use from your posts, though, so I would rule out INTJ.

Could I some how have changed from an INTP to an INFJ? Is it possible to move from one category to another?
I don't think you can change type, but you can develop lesser-used functions so that you can become a more well-rounded individual.

I read that it s important for INTPs to work on their intuition in order to be successful; this is something I've never needed to do.
Where did you read this? I'm a little confused, I guess, by the meaning of the word intuition in this case.

Have you ever considered taking a cognitive functions test to see how you might fare?
 
#17 ·
I have no idea what the thread title means, lol. These two types are going to be pretty similar from the "soul" perspective if you look at how they're both oriented toward the world. Fe and Fi and Ti and Te in these types is where they're going to look like they're motivated differently, but I don't think these functions are going to have much bearing on their personal philosophies and whatnot (this would constellate more around dom/inferior - the aux/tert are mostly the "helper" functions).